自然拼读规则笔记1

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English Alphabetic Code with the International Phonetic Alphabet

The English language has a

fascinating history

– but this has resulted in a complex alphabetic code for the writing system whereby the 26 letters of the alphabet

represent the 44 or so smallest sounds identifiable in English speech in three complicated ways:

1. one sound (phoneme) can be represented by

one, two, three or four letters

: e.g. /a/ a in apple, /f/ ph in photograph, /igh/ igh in night, /oa/ ough in dough

2. one sound can be represented by

multiple

spelling alternatives

(graphemes): e.g. /oa/: o, oa, ow, oe, o-e, eau, ough

3. one grapheme (letter or letter group) can represent

multiple

sounds

: e.g. ‘ough’: /oa/ though, /or/ thought, long /oo/ through, /ou/ plough, /u/ thorough

On this Alphabetic Code Chart, the units of sound (phonemes or combined phonemes) are shown in slash marks. Vowel sounds are shown in red and consonant sounds

are shown in blue. The vowel sounds provide the main volume and depth in spoken words whereas the consonant sounds are generally much quieter and sometimes very

high-pitched such as /s/ and /t/. Teachers need to teach the separate units of sounds carefully, avoiding the added ‘schwa’ or “uh” sound: e.g. “sss” not “suh”; “t” not “tuh”.

units of sound

+ IPA symbols

simple code

key words

complex code graphemes or spelling alternatives

+ key words which are code for the sounds

information

/a/

/æ/ a

apple

The Synthetic Phonics

Teaching Principles